Computer Modeling Results: Aires Resonator Interaction with Electromagnetic Radiation (Stage 2)
Ministry of Science of Higher Education of the Russian Federation
federal state autonomous educational
institution of higher education "National Research University ITMO"
(ITMO University)
UDC 621.3 Reg. N R&D Reg. N IKRBS
I APPROVED
Vice-Rector for Scientific Affairs
Dr. Tech. sciences, professor
___________ V.O. Nikiforov
"____" __________ 2025 G.
REPORT
ABOUT RESEARCH WORK
Analysis of the state of research in the field of studying the interaction of new generation resonators with communication networks. Justification of the direction of research in terms of
improving approaches to recording parameters of interaction of resonators with
communication networks
on the topic: Study of the interaction of resonators of the type «Lifetune» with electromagnetic fields,
created communication networks
(intermediate, stage N 2)
Cipher: 225011
Topic leader professor, doctor of technical sciences. _______________ G.N.Lukyanov
(signature, date)
Saint Petersburg 2025
2
LIST OF PERFORMERS
Topic leader Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences , leading researcher
G.N. Lukyanov (signature, date) (introduction, sections 1-3, conclusion) Performers: Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, leading researcher
A.V. Kopyltsov (signature, date) (section 1)
Ved. engineer S.L. Makarov (signature, date) (section 2)
Laboratory assistant I.A. Prokofiev (signature, date) (sections 2, 3)
Ph.D., researcher
A.A. Rassadina (signature, date) (introduction, sections 1-3, conclusion) Ph.D., researcher
M.Ya. Afanasyev (signature, date) (Section 2)
Designer S.A. Shorokhov (signature, date) (Section 2)
Standards inspector V.V. Toothless
(signature, date)
3
ABSTRACT
Report 44 pp., 28 figures, 1 table, 9 sources.
MODEL FOR CALCULATIONS OF A RESONATOR, IMPACT OF RADIATION
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS, DEVICE LAYOUT FOR REGISTRATION
BRAIN ACTIVITY
The object of study is a resonator «Lifetune». Purpose of the work -
studying the interaction of new generation resonators with communication
networks, study of the interaction of resonators with electromagnetic
radiation in wireless communication networks. For this purpose it is used
physical and mathematical model of resonator interaction «Lifetune» With
radiation created by the authors [1, 2] and developed in this work. For
confirming the correctness of the model, the results of periodic
heating-cooling of the resonator with measurement of the temperature field distribution
on its surface.
Also, based on previous work performed by the authors [3, 4], are being considered
methods for improving approaches and their specific implementation for registration
parameters of interaction of resonators with communication networks, based on
control of the action of these networks on a living organism. Scope and
implementation of research results can be wireless networks.
4
CONTENT
Page.
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….. 6
1 Simulation of resonator responses to external influences……... 7
1.1 Modeling the response of a single resonator ………………………… 7
1.1.1 Model…………………………………………………………..… 7
1.1.2 Single resonator response model……………………………… 9
1.2 Modeling the response from a block composed of four
resonators (tetragonal circuit)………………………………………........
10
1.2.1 Simulation results in which one is excited
resonator of four…………………………………….………………………
11
1.2.2 Simulation results in which all are excited
resonators simultaneously……………………………..…………………………
12
1.2.3 Conclusions…………………………………………………...……...… 13
1.3 Modeling the response from a block composed of six
resonators (hexagonal circuit)……………..……………………………..
15
1.3.1 Simulation results in which one is excited
resonator……………………………………….…………………………………
15
1.3.2 Conclusions for the case of six resonators…………………..…….. 16
1.4 Modeling a block of three resonators («Lifetun Zone Max»)…. 16
1.4.1 First cycle of calculations. Three resonators are located on a common
base without any pattern or relief………………………………
17
1.4.2 Second cycle of calculations. Three resonators are located on a common
base with a metal mesh in the form of a self-similar pattern (so-called.
«antenna»)……………………………………….………………………………...
18
1.4.3 Conclusions for the case of three resonators…………………………… 19
2 Study of the behavior of the resonator during periodic heating-
cooling…………………………………...…………………………………...
20
2.1 Experiment……….…...………………………………………………. 21
3 Layout of a device for visualizing a reaction to an action
electromagnetic field…………………………………...……………...
29
3.1 Description of the circuit diagram………………………….………… 29
5
3.2 Communication with a computer and operating program of the device………………... 30
3.3 Layout design…………………….….………………………….. 33
3.3.1 General purpose………………………………………………… 33
3.3.2 Design………………….………………….. 33
3.3.3 Material and manufacturing technology…………………………… 34
3.4 Results obtained using the layout…………...…………….. 35
4 Device layout for visualizing field distribution values in
various points of the room……………………………………………
37
3.1 Description of the basic element circuit………………..…………………. 38
4.2 Computer connection……………………………….………………….. 39
4.2 Basic element circuit programming……….………………. 39
4.4 Device programming…………………….…………………. 40
CONCLUSION…………………………..…………….....……………………… 41
LIST OF SOURCES USED…………………..………… 44
6
INTRODUCTION
The object of study are resonators «Lifetune». The purpose of the work
is the study of the interaction of resonators with electromagnetic
radiation from mobile communication networks and Wi-Fi - routers. Basis for work
are preliminary studies previously conducted by the authors [1-4] And
devices provided by the customer.
The report contains physical and mathematical data and the data created on its basis.,
computer model for calculating the resonator response to electromagnetic
radiation. A prototype of a device for measuring signals from a surface is considered.
human head to visualize a person's reaction to change
electromagnetic environment. Developed computer model and layout
devices for measuring signals from the surface of the human head will
be used and refined when performing the following stages of work.
The results of the work at the stage are the basis for further implementation
research work.
7
1 SIMULATION OF RESONATOR RESPONSES TO EXTERNAL
IMPACT
1.1 SIMULATION OF THE RESPONSE OF ONE RESONATOR
1.1.1 MODEL
The model “interaction of resonators with electromagnetic
radiation" described in [1-4], and used during work within the 1st stage
this study (Fig..1).
Drawing 1 – Interaction with a semiconductor
This model considers the polarization mechanism of silicon
plates with a relief of annular grooves, the location of which is specified
construction based on affine transformations that map onto themselves.
The response of the resonator to an electromagnetic wave was considered.
The change in the distribution of tension over time was studied
resonator surface for various boundary conditions (unsteady
case) for a two-dimensional model.
In accordance with the above-mentioned model (Fig. 1), the electric field at
interaction with a semiconductor causes the phenomenon of charge displacement and,
due to the fact that in the area of the “grooves” the plate has a smaller thickness,
the concentration of charge carriers in the grooves will be higher than in neighboring areas.
Therefore, in the modeling it was assumed that charge carriers are concentrated
in the grooves (see picture 1).
If there are no magnetic currents and the medium is isotropic, then Maxwell’s equations,
connecting the magnetic field (MF) and electric field (EF) have the form:
8
Where
E – EP tension,
H – MP tension,
D – induction of EP,
B – MP induction,
ε – dielectric constant of the medium,
μ – magnetic permeability of the medium,
J – vector of electric current generated by charges on the membrane,
∇ – operator.
In the Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z):
Where F – arbitrary function, i, j, k – unit vectors of coordinate axes (x y, z).
Then
Calculations were carried out for one, three, four and six resonators.
, E D
9
1.1.2 SIMULATION OF THE RESPONSE OF ONE RESONATOR
Program listings are given below. Calculations were performed for the resonator
«Lifetune», shown in the figure 2.
Drawing 2 – Resonator model «Lifetune»
The structure of the resonator is shown in the figure 3.
Drawing 3 – Resonator structure «Lifetune»
Figure 4 shows the results of calculating the tension distribution
along the resonator surface. Two distribution projections are given
electric field strength along the resonator surface
Drawing 4 – The result of calculating the tension distribution over the surface
resonator
10
The result obtained does not differ from those obtained previously, and
published in [1-4], and in the stage report 1.
In order to study the behavior and interaction of several resonators,
united into a single complex, the devices were simulated,
consisting of four, six and three resonators «Lifetune». At the same time it was checked
hypothesis about the possibility of interaction of resonators with each other.
1.2 SIMULATION OF THE RESPONSE FROM A BLOCK COMPOSED
OF FOUR RESONATORS (TETRAGONAL CIRCUIT)
The behavior of a block of four resonators located
close to each other as shown in the picture 5.
Drawing 5 – Diagram of a block of 4 resonators
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1.2.1 SIMULATION RESULTS IN WHICH
ONE RESONATOR OUT OF FOUR IS EXCITED
The following presents the results of a simulation in which the
one resonator. Figures 6, 7 show the development of excitation over time
(conditional time, calculation cycles, from 120 to 360).
Drawing 6 – Simulation results in which one is excited
resonator. The figures show the development of excitation over time, with
transmission from resonator to resonator (conventional time,
calculation cycles, from 120 to 210)
12
Drawing 7 – Development of arousal over time (conditional time,
calculation cycles, from 240 to 360)
1.2.2 SIMULATION RESULTS IN WHICH
ALL RESONATORS ARE EXCITED AT THE SAME TIME
Below are the results of simulations in which the
all resonators at the same time, excitation comes to all resonators
simultaneously. Figure 8 shows the result of the calculation, steady state
mode.
13
Drawing 8 – The result of a simulation in which all resonators are excited
simultaneously, steady state
1.2.3 CONCLUSIONS
Compared to the single resonator model, the response amplitude is sharply
has increased. For one resonator it was ~106, (Figure 4), for four
amounts to ~1013, for the case of excitation of one resonator, and ~109 – for the occasion
simultaneous excitation of four resonators (amplitude values
are given in relative, dimensionless units).
The difference in amplitude for the two considered cases for four
resonators can be explained by the fact that when one resonator is excited,
the response arising on it consistently involves in the process of excitation
one after another, the three remaining resonators. At the same time, for everyone to be included in
this process takes time. This time is determined by the speed at which
charge carriers appear.
With simultaneous excitation, the resonators are simultaneously drawn into
polarization process. At the same time, due to the inertial properties (it takes time for
response) they do not keep up with field changes.
When one resonator is excited, the excitation is transferred to the adjacent one
resonator when the voltage level at the first one reaches a value, at
at which on the second the concentration of charge carriers will reach a value at
which will begin discharges between the grooves. Then the excitement will be transmitted to
third, etc. Auto-tuning occurs, the resonators are in resonance with each other
friend. In the case of excitation of four resonators, such a resonance between them
14
is not observed and the maximum value of the field strength is significantly lower
(Figure 8) than in the case of excitation of one resonator.
15
1.3 SIMULATION OF THE RESPONSE FROM A BLOCK COMPOSED
OF SIX RESONATORS (HEXAGONAL SCHEME)
The resonators are located according to the diagram in Figure 9. Calculations were carried out
response to their excitement.
Drawing 9 – Arrangement of six resonators
1.3.1 RESULTS OF SIMULATION IN WHICH THERE IS EXCITATION
ONE RESONATOR
The following presents the results of a simulation in which the
one resonator out of six. The excitation mechanism is the same as described
above for the case of four resonators. Figure 10 shows the result
excitation over time after 260 cycles of conditional time.
Drawing 10 – The result of modeling the response of a circuit of six resonators (after
260 conditional time cycles). Two different response projections are given
16
1.3.2 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE CASE OF SIX RESONATORS
Compared to the single resonator or four resonator model,
the amplitude of the response increased further. For one resonator it was ~106,
(Figure 4), for four was ~1013 (Figures 6, 7), for the case of excitation
one resonator out of four and for six it is already ~1020 (drawing 10).
1.4 SIMULATION OF A BLOCK OF THREE RESONATORS («LIFETUN
ZONE MAX»)
Three resonators are arranged in such a way that they are located on one
lines, with the average – in the center and directed by the surface with relief in
side opposite to the resonators located along
edges (picture 11).
Drawing 11 – Layout of a block of three resonators
For this device, two cycles of calculations were carried out: in the first three
The resonator is located on a common base, without any pattern or relief.
In the second cycle of calculations, the device itself was simulated «Lifetun Zone
Max», where the resonators are located on a common base with a metal mesh in
form of a self-similar pattern (the so-called “antenna»).
side1
side2
17
1.4.1 FIRST CYCLE OF CALCULATIONS. THREE RESONATORS ARE LOCATED ON
ON A COMMON BASE WITHOUT ANY PATTERN OR RELIEF
The result of simulating the response of a three-cavity circuit for this
case is shown in Figure 12. Here are two different projections of the response.
The image is distorted (ellipses are visible instead of circles) due to the fact that
the object is elongated (see figure 11).
Drawing 12 – The result of modeling the response of a circuit of three resonators (after
conditional time cycles)
18
1.4.2 SECOND CYCLE OF CALCULATIONS. THREE RESONATORS ARE LOCATED ON
COMMON BASE WITH METAL MESH IN THE FORM OF SELF-SIMILAR
FIGURE (T.N. “ANTENNA”»)
The result of modeling the response of a circuit of three resonators (after cycles
conditional time) is presented in Figure 13. Three projections of the response are shown.
The image is distorted (ellipses are visible instead of circles) due to the fact that
the object is elongated (see figure 11)
Drawing 13 – The result of modeling the response of a circuit of three resonators (after
conditional time cycles)
19
1.4.3 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE CASE OF THREE RESONATORS
The difference between the images in Figure 12 and the figure is visible 13.
The amplitude in Figure 13 is greater than in Figure 12. The distribution has become more
uniform, smoother. The presence of an “antenna” leads to
additional response enhancement. This effect requires additional
research, including for systems of four and six resonators.
20
2 STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE RESONATOR AT
PERIODIC HEATING-COOLING
Numerical experiments showed unusual behavior of silicon
plates with a self-affine relief on the surface made of ring
grooves when exposed to electromagnetic radiation. Were completed
experiments with heating and cooling using a Peltier battery, which
also confirmed the hypothesis underlying the numerical model.
In the picture 14 [5] the dependence of the absorption coefficient is presented
silicon depending on the wavelength. It can be seen that silicon absorbs
electromagnetic radiation in the range from 200 nm to 1400 nm. Close values
are obtained from the bandgap value for silicon. Width
band gap for silicon Eg=1,12 eV. This corresponds to absorption at
wavelengths <1,11 µm, which is far from the spectral range in which
«sees" thermal imager Testo 890, which was used in this experiment.
Drawing 14 – Dependence of silicon absorption coefficient on wavelength [5]
21
2.1 EXPERIMENT
In the experiment, the resonator was periodically heated and cooled with
using a Peltier battery. The experimental setup is shown in
photos drawing 15.
Drawing 15 – Experimental setup
Heating and cooling of the Peltier element was carried out by
switching the direction of current through it. Current polarity switching circuit
is shown in Figure 16. With one current polarity, the resonator was cooled, with
another – heated up.
Temperature distribution was measured using a thermal imager Testo 890.
Examples of thermograms obtained in this way are shown in the figure. 17.
When heated and cooled, the Peltier element heats and cools
resonator located on its surface (Figure 6). Resonator heating
occurs with a delay relative to the Peltier element. Simultaneously
thermal imager Testo 890 registers fluctuations in the temperature field of the resonator.
22
Drawing 16 – Current polarity switching circuit
Drawing 17 – Examples of thermograms
This is explained by the fact that between the heat entering the plate from
Peltier element, and the heat given off by the surface of the plate to the surrounding
environment, there is a dynamic equilibrium. It's a dynamic balance
23
Where C – total heat capacity of the resonator; – heat transfer coefficient from
resonator surface into the environment; S – surface area
resonator.
Radiation from a heated body is described by Planck's law.
radiation constant, s1 = ℎ ∙ 𝑐0
2, c0 – speed of light in vacuum, h – constant
𝑘 , k – Boltzmann constant.
Planck's radiation law applies to the so-called black body.
The fundamental properties of a black body are that, firstly, it
absorbs all incident radiation, and secondly, always emits more
energy than any other body at the same temperature. Black body model
is a cavity with a hole, or depression in the surface, or groove.
When, for example, a ray of light enters a hole in a cavity, it repeatedly
is reflected and absorbed by the walls of the cavity, and the probability that it will leave
the cavity through the hole is extremely small (see figure 18).
Drawing 18 – Cavity with a hole as a model of a completely black body
In practice, the energy of this beam is almost completely absorbed
cavity. The recesses and grooves absorb light almost as well. However,
these models do not fully possess the properties of a completely black body,
absorbing energy just like a black body.
24
The difference between a real and a completely black body is characterized as follows:
called absorption coefficient, =Er/E, Where E – radiation energy
black body, Er – radiation energy of a completely black body at that
the same temperature as a perfect black body. Cavities are commonly used in
as black body models [6, 7].
Using a thermal imager Testo 890 temperature field was measured
resonator surface during heating and cooling. Heating and cooling
controlled using a Peltier element. The results obtained, and
namely the change in temperature of the central part of the resonator (with relief),
the temperature of its peripheral part, and the temperature of the Peltier element with flow
time are presented in the graph in Figure 19. The difference in the obtained values
temperature is due to different values of the absorption coefficients of these
parts. In reality they are at the same temperature.
Drawing 19 – Measured temperatures: 1. Peltier elements, purple curve,
purple symbols «∙», TP; 2. Central part of the resonator with relief, red
curve, red symbols «+», TR; 3. Its peripheral parts, without relief,
polished silicon, blue curve, blue symbols «°», TW
When the temperature of the Peltier battery changes rapidly, setting
increase or decrease in resonator temperature, measured temperature
central part (TR) with a relief higher than the plate periphery temperature (TW)
without relief. However, their actual temperatures should be the same,
because they are parts of the same object. This means that the absorption coefficient
25
on the corrugated section of the resonator surface is significantly higher than on the smooth.
This coefficient is not constant and depends on the heating rate due to
thermal inertia. Its minimum value can reach the same value,
It should also be noted that the width of the groove on the resonator surface (0.2 μm)
incomparably small compared to that used in Testo 890 spectral
sensitivity range (8 µm ... 14 µm), and such a groove is 0.2 µm wide
cannot provide absorption within the instrument's sensitivity range.
the central part of the resonator (with relief) can be defined as:
The emissivity coefficient of the central region of the resonator, determined by
formula (2), is presented in the graph of Figure 20 below. For comparison graph
temperature changes in Figure 19 are repeated in the upper graph of the figure 20.
The graphs show that a sharp decrease in emissivity
occurs at moments of a sharp change in the direction of temperature change.
This can be explained by the fact that there must also be a rapid change
concentration of charge carriers in the “groove” region. Carrier concentration
charge in the central part of the resonator during sudden temperature changes above,
than in its peripheral areas, therefore due to additional absorption
charge carriers, the emissivity coefficient of radiation is here
increases. It is known that semiconductors have a very strong,
exponential dependence of charge carrier concentration on temperature.
Therefore, the proximity of the apparent temperature of the central part of the resonator to
temperature of the Peltier element is explained by a sharp increase in concentration
electrons, their concentration near the grooves and additional absorption
light from these electrons. This also explains the increase in emissivity
26
emission ability of the central part with increasing temperature. Is it true,
an increase in the emissivity of radiation occurs with some
delay (approximately 0.5...1 second), but this delay is explained by the usual
thermal inertia. When the resonator heats up, firstly, it increases
temperature, which leads to an increase in the concentration of charge carriers
(electrons). It is known that the electron concentration in a semiconductor is highly
depends on temperature. Rising temperatures provide energy for
breaking covalent bonds in silicon and releasing electrons. With growth
temperature, the concentration of free electrons increases (temperature)
[8]. Secondly, when heated, a temperature difference arises between the lower
plane of the resonator in contact with the heat source (Peltier element),
and its upper plane. This, according to Fourier's law of thermal conductivity,
causes a heat flow through the resonator directed from the bottom plane to
top.
Drawing 20 – Measured temperatures (top window) and emissivity
central area (bottom window)
temperature,C
0.7
0.85
0.9
27
Assuming that the heat flow is one-dimensional and directed normal to
heated lower surface to the upper, it can be described using the law
Fourier, in the form of an expression:
thermal conductivity of the material (silicon), T – temperature, TO, x – coordinate by
normal to surface, S – resonator surface area, m². Expression (3)
can be rewritten in a simplified form:
q = T/x)S, (4)
Then, at the temperature of the outer surface of the resonator tout = 20°C And
internal surface temperature tin = 40°C, T = tin – tout = 20K.
Calculations using formula (4) give the heat flux density q ≈ 1184 W/m².
Then the heat flow through the resonator, Q = q∙S, will be Q = 1184∙4∙10 ≈ 0,4736 W.
This heat flow is then dissipated into the environment in two ways:
natural convection and thermal radiation.
Law of Convection:
heat transfer coefficient, ta – ambient temperature. If
ambient temperature ta = 20 °C, then the temperature difference tout – ta = 20 TO.
of the resonator surface has the value Q = 0,8∙5,67∙10-8∙3134 ≈ 0,174 W.
Under the influence of temperature differences and heat flow, electrons
diffuse from the bottom surface of the resonator, heated by the element
Peltier, on its upper surface. This is the directional movement of electrons
is nothing more than electric current. Excited electrons emit
photon, a vacancy is found, and in place of the resulting hole a
neutral atom. This process continues as long as it remains
temperature difference. These considerations are illustrated in the figure 21.
28
Drawing 21 – Movement of charges (electrons) under the influence of temperature difference
T = tin - tout between the bottom and top surfaces of the resonator
Thus, when heated, the electron concentration increases
(Kittel, 1996), including due to the electric current generated at
resonator surface. The most favorable position for
surface electrons are located at the bottom of the grooves, since the distance from
there are fewer of them to the heated bottom part of the resonator than from its top
surfaces in neighboring areas. Therefore, the electron concentration in the region
grooves are much higher, and the absorption of radiation by electrons is also higher.
It is known that the absorption of light by free electrons in semiconductors
increases with wavelength [9].
29
3 DEVICE LAYOUT FOR VISUALIZING REACTION TO ACTION
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The schematic diagram of the device layout includes several
functional units providing registration of biopotentials, processing
signals, powering the device and transferring data to a computer for visualization.
a) Biopotential registration module EEG Click
The basis of the module EEG Click includes high-precision instrumentation
amplifier INA114, providing differential amplification of weak
biopotentials coming from the electrodes. After pre-amplification
the signal passes through a low-noise operational amplifier MCP609,
forming the required amplitude and frequency response (Figure 22).
Drawing 22 – Schematic diagram
Main functions of the module:
amplification of a low-amplitude EEG signal to a level suitable for
further processing;
Three electrodes are connected to the module. To take a measurement
electrodes are attached to a person’s forehead, at two points located above the eyebrows,
the third is located between them (Figure 23). Measurements are made relative to
third point, the potential of which is taken to be zero.
30
Figure 23 - Electrode placement diagram
Exit EEG Click represents analog signal, transmitted
directly to the entrance ADC microcontroller ESP32-C3.
b) Microcontroller ESP32-C3 Super Mini
The board is used as a polling and data transmission node ESP32-C3
Super Mini, performing the following functions:
nodes.
c) Power stabilization unit
A 5 V linear stabilizer is used to power the analog part.,
ensuring low noise level and stable operation of amplifiers
cascades EEG Click. Power is supplied through the chain:
Charger → battery → 5V stabilizer →
EEG Click.
d) Charger and battery
For autonomous operation, a module of two lithium-polymer
batteries 3.7 V each, connected in series, they are connected through
charging module. The charger provides overcharge protection,
current limitation, safe connection of external source.
3.2 COMMUNICATION WITH A COMPUTER AND OPERATING PROGRAM OF THE DEVICE
Data transfer from the layout to the PC is carried out via USB-interface, through
virtual serial port. All processing and visualization is performed in
program written in language Python. Exchange includes: shipping ESP32-C3
array of ADC signals in text form; receiving and displaying data on the side
31
PC; saving the signal to a file with subsequent processing (spectrum, filtering,
statistics).
Layout design
The design of the device layout is designed in such a way that
ensure reliable fastening of the electrodes, stable power supply to the analog part
and ease of connecting the device to a computer.
General construction
1 – controller; 2 – amplifier; 3 – electrodes
Drawing 24 – Device layout
The layout consists of three main subsystems: the device body in the form
rim that follows the shape of the head, pockets with equipment – removable
compartments for installing and securing boards 1 - controller, 2 - amplifier and
electrodes (picture 24).
All elements are connected to each other by short-length conductors for
minimizing interference and ensuring stable operation.
Placement and fastening of elements
Pay EEG Click mounted on a flat plastic side base.
Pay ESP32-C3 Super Mini located on the same base and connected to
32
EEG Click short analog wire leading to the ADC input
microcontroller.
Electrode attachment
A movable mechanism is used to place electrodes on the head -
The distance between the electrodes can be adjusted. The electrodes themselves are pressed
springs, which allows it to fit snugly to the head. Elastic strap on
the back of the head, ensures a stable position of the entire body on the human head.
1 – electrodes; 2 – elastic fastening element
Drawing 25 – Layout from the other side
If necessary, the layout can be transferred to a non-separable case,
wires can be hidden, but at the development stage it is preferable
open placement of components.
33
3.3 LAYOUT CONSTRUCTION
3.3.1 GENERAL PURPOSE
The developed prototype is a hoop holder for
electrodes of the express-EEG system, intended for operational
placement of electrodes on the patient's head with the possibility of quick adjustment
position and ensuring tight contact with the skin in the forehead and back of the head.
The design is focused on laboratory research and integration with
miniature electronics for processing EEG signals.
3.3.2 CONSTRUCTION
The hoop is made in the form of an assembly of several 3D-printed elements,
combined into a modular design. Main components include (see.
drawings 24-25):
a) Main headband. Consists of two symmetrical arched
parts connected to the front electronics unit. Each arc is equipped
longitudinal groove at the ends for fastening and adjusting the elastic band,
providing adjustment to different head sizes of the user.
The material and shape of the arches provide the necessary rigidity while maintaining
wearing comfort.
b) Front block with electrode mounting. The central part of the hoop
contains a housing for housing electronics (biosignal amplifier, filter and
microcontroller). The front panel has sockets for eyebrow
electrodes, as well as clamps and guides for the gear mechanism
adjusting the interelectrode distance. The electrical connector is used for
connecting signal lines to a personal computer.
c) Mechanism for adjusting the interelectrode distance.
A gear transmission is implemented between the electrodes (Fig. 24,25), consisting of:
gear wheel mounted on an axis with a handle for manual
adjustments;
two symmetrical racks moving
in opposite directions. When the rack wheel rotates synchronously
move apart or slide, providing smooth adjustment of the distance
34
between the brow electrodes and precise adjustment to individual
user anatomy.
d) Elastic fixation on the head. To compensate for differences in circumference
head and secure fixation of the hoop, an adjustable elastic band is used,
threaded through the slots at the rear ends of the arches. Elastic element
allows for comfortable pressing of the electrodes without excessive
pressure.
3.3.3 MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
All structural elements of the prototype were manufactured using the additive method.
production (FDM-stamp) on 3D-printer Bambu Lab A1. Used
material – PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol), providing a combination
strength, moderate flexibility and chemical resistance, making it
suitable for wearable medical prototypes.
Mechanical characteristics:
a) Total assembly weight (without electronics): about 140 g.
b) Working range for adjusting the interelectrode distance: from 60 mm to
100 mm.
c) Head circumference range: 530 – 610 mm (due to elastic band).
d) Rotation torque of the gear mechanism: no more than 0.05 N·m.
Technological recommendations:
a) Print elements in horizontal orientation to minimize
deformations and optimal load distribution.
b) For gear parts, use a denser filling (40–50 %) For
wear resistance.
c) Post-processing of holes and grooves by drilling is recommended
(3,0 mm / 6.0 mm) for precise fit of screws and axle.
d) Surfaces in contact with the skin can be covered with a thin layer
medical silicone for increased comfort.
35
Upgrade options:
a) Adding an occipital module with electrodes – mounting provided
constructively.
b) Option to print from nylon or ASA-plastic with serial
production to increase resistance to UV and deformation.
3.4 RESULTS OBTAINED USING THE LAYOUT
Figure 26 shows the location of the model on the head when measuring
signals from the points shown in the figure 23.
Drawing 26 – Position of the layout on the head
One of the results obtained using the layout is shown in
drawing 27.
36
Drawing 27 – One of the results obtained using the layout
37
4 DEVICE LAYOUT FOR VISUALIZING VALUES
FIELD DISTRIBUTION AT DIFFERENT POINTS IN THE ROOM
To study the distribution of electromagnetic field power Wi-Fi V
indoors, a device layout based on the module was developed ESP-12F (family
ESP8266). The principle of its operation is based on measuring the level of received
signal – RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator), expressed in decibels
relative to 1 mW (dBm). This parameter reflects the intensity
electromagnetic field at the receiver location.
Module ESP-12F connects to a predetermined Wi-Fi network (set
via a separate router. At configurable time intervals it is carried out
measurement RSSI. Indicator RSSI changes with:
Thus, the device allows you to obtain a distribution map
electromagnetic field in the room and visualize the change in power
real time signal.
38
4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE BASIC ELEMENT SCHEME
Drawing 28 – Schematic diagram ESP12F
The basic element of the layout is a simple measuring
platform including the following nodes:
1) Module ESP-12F — core computing and RF element.
2) Antenna — built-in printed circuit, providing signal reception Wi-Fi.
3) Powered by external 3.3V source.
The signal part of the measurements is completely digital: RSSI calculated
built-in radio module ESP8266, which eliminates the need for external
analog components.
39
4.2 COMMUNICATION WITH COMPUTER
A protocol is used to transmit measured values MQTT (Message
Queuing Telemetry Transport) – compact and reliable protocol on top TCP/IP,
specially designed for telemetry systems.
To communicate with a computer ESP-12F connects to access point Wi-Fi.
At specified intervals, the device publishes a message to MQTT-broker for
alone. The message has the format JSON, For example: {"id": "node1", "rssi": -62, "ts":
1698765432}. Installed on the computer MQTT-broker (Mosquitto or equivalent) and
client application on Python. The client subscribes to the corresponding
topic and visualizes changes RSSI in real time.
Installed on the computer MQTT-broker and client application,
written on Python, which receives data and visualizes it in real
time.
4.3 PROGRAMMING THE BASIC ELEMENT DIAGRAM
Program for ESP-12F implemented on the basis Arduino-core For ESP8266.
Key firmware features include:
signal;
The measurement interval is specified in code (for example, 200–1000 ms) and maybe
changed in accordance with the visualization task.
PC software includes Python-script that:
processing.
40
4.4 DEVICE PROGRAMMING
To flash the microcontroller firmware we need a converter USB –
UART on CH340 and the module itself ESP12F. The converter is connected to the module
as follows (Table 1).
Table 1 – Converter connection
CH_PD VCC
GPIO 0 - not connected at first, but
will be used to translate into
programming mode next,
so the wire is already connected to it
RST, GPIO 2 - not connected RTS, CTS - not connected
Algorithm of actions:
1) putting together a diagram;
2) switch to programming mode (necessary every time
perform before flashing the module):
a) Disconnect power from the module;
b) Connect the pin GPIO 0 To GND;
c) Serve food;
3) You can start programming.
41
CONCLUSION
The response of different combinations of resonators to
exposure to an electromagnetic wave. The simulation was carried out for one
resonator, for four and six resonators. It has been shown that combinations of
four and six resonators when exposed give a significant increase in amplitude
response, compared to the case of a single resonator.
The response of the resonator to thermal influence was also studied, which gave
additional confirmation of the model on the basis of which the
computer modeling. For this purpose, an experimental
study of a device made from a silicon wafer size
20 mm x 20 mm x 1 mm with a regular relief of annular grooves 0.2 µm wide
and a depth of 0.8 microns on its surface, built by repeated
iteration and scaling using affine transformations,
forming a pattern that obeys the laws of self-similarity and scale
invariance [1-4]. Previously, these studies modeled the behavior
such an object, using the assumption that when applied to such a plate
electric field, it behaves similarly to devices such as MOS transistors.
This similarity lies in the fact that in such a transistor, based on the phenomenon
electric polarization in an electric field, a spatial
charge and a transition occurs from an electrically neutral state to an electrically
charged. The strong dependence of the concentration of electrical
charges in a semiconductor depending on temperature. These work on this principle
devices such as semiconductor temperature sensors. In the considered
In this article, the groove configuration of the object leads to uneven
distribution of electric charges on the surface of the plate with increasing
temperatures: charges gravitate towards areas located around the grooves,
since it is energetically more favorable for them to be in the groove zone than on
surface (Fig. 3). This results in the apparent temperature at the center
the plates are higher than at its periphery. The experiment used
periodic heating using a Peltier element. Surface reaction
plates were recorded using a thermal imager Testo 890. Measured
surface temperature field. When heated, the surface begins to emit
42
electromagnetic radiation according to Planck's law of radiation. Since
the maximum temperature of the plate during heating did not exceed 50 °C, This
The radiation lies in the infrared range. To determine the temperature by
this radiation requires a device with infrared sensitivity –
thermal imager Thermal imager Testo 890 used to measure temperature
resonator surface fields during heating and cooling. Heating and cooling
controlled using a Peltier element. It turned out that the measured
the temperature values of the central part of the resonator (with relief) are significantly
exceed the temperature of its peripheral part. However, in
in reality all parts of the plate have the same or at least,
close values. This can only be explained by the fact that the absorption coefficient
the central part of the plate with a relief significantly higher than the coefficient
absorption of the peripheral part (Fig. 8). This result cannot be explained
solely by the presence of radiation-absorbing grooves, since their width
0,2 microns and a depth of 0.8 microns do not allow them to absorb in the wavelength range, in
which is sensitive Testo 890 (8 – 13 µm). However, the surface topography,
provides good absorption in the sub-micrometer wavelength range.
However, grooves with a width and depth of the order of fractions of a micrometer are not capable of
absorb radiation in the range from 8 to 13 microns, within which
sensitive Testo 890. This suggests the existence of another mechanism
absorption. It can be explained by electron absorption (Seeger, 1982),
the concentration of which in the central part of the grooved plate is significantly
higher than in peripheral parts. Experimental results are clear
confirm this. These IR images show that the central
part of the resonator, together with its relief, has the same temperature as
Peltier battery surface.
The prototype of the device, considered at the previous stage, passed
modernization and assembled into a headband printed using 3D- print.
The result obtained with its help is given.
To study the distribution of electromagnetic field power Wi-Fi V
indoors, a device layout based on the module was developed ESP-12F (family
ESP8266). The principle of its operation is based on measuring the level of received
43
signal – RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator), expressed in decibels
relative to 1 mW (dBm). This parameter reflects the intensity
electromagnetic field at the receiver location.
44
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