Investigation of Circle Fractal Structure Interaction with GHz Electromagnetic Waves (ITMS 2018)
ITMS'2018 ktu
1922
panevetys faculty of technologies and business
The 12th International Scientific Conference Intelligent Technologies in Logistics and
Mechatronics Systems (IT LMS'2018), 26-27 April 2018, Panevefys, Lithuania
Investigation of the Circle Fractal Structure Interaction with
Gigahertz Frequency Electromagnetic Waves
Dainius Jasaitisa, Vaida Vasiliauskienea, Paulius Mi~kinisa, Jovita Damauskaitea, Arturas J uknaa•, Aleksandr Kopyltsov>**, Genady LukyanoVC, Konstantin Korshunovd, Igor Serovd
Abstract
0 Vilnius Gedinlinas Technical Univenity, Saule1ekio av. I/, Vilnius 10223, lilhuania •Sainl-Petenburg FJectroleclmiml Ulivenily, Pr<fes.sor Poptw str. S, S1ain1-Pe1enburg /973 76, Rus.sia c11MO Unnrersity, KronverbAy av. 49, Sai1••Pe1enburg /97/98, Rus.sia
4AJRE,S Human Genome &search Fountblion, 6/, Jyborsrmya nob., Saint.Pe1enburg /94044, R11s.sia
We present results of investigations of Si aystal ( l00) with a circularly periodic structure formed on its swface (resonator- converter) interaction with low power radiation which can be attributed to electromagnetic pollution (EPi Due EP interaction with circularly periodic (diffraction grating) structure of the front/rear antennas and periodic structure of Si ciystal our device in the regime of optical reflection can efficiently damp EP if incident power is 2: 2 W. The efficiency of EP damping by means of our device is noticeably higher than that one of measured ror a regular conducting plate of identical dimensions and orientation in the space. The results of our experimental measurements and model of power attenuation by the resonator-converter is presented and discussed.
C 2018 D. Jasaitis, V. Vasiliauskiene, P. Mi§kinis, J. Damauskaite, A Jukna, A. Kopyltsov, G. Lukyanov, K. Korshunov, I. Serov Peer-review under responsibility oft he Kaunas University of Technology, Paneve!ys Faculty of Technologies and Busine~
Keyworrb: frac1al antema. electranagnetic poknion, optical reflection. optical transmis.sion,diffraction grating
• Corresponding author. Tel.: -+-370-5-274-4833; fax: +370-5-274-4844 &mail a/dress: arturas.jukna@vgtu.lt •• Correspondingaulbor. Tel.: +7-921-401-9427; fax: +7-812-233-7720 &mail a/dress: kopyl200 l@mail.ru
C 2018 D. Jasailis, V. Vasiliauskien~. P. Milkinis, J. Damauskai~. A. Jukna, A. Kopyl!sov, G. Lukyanov, K. Korshunov, I. SerOY B427H0011 Peer-review underrespansibility of die Kaunas Uniwrsity ofTechnology, Panevfl:ys Faculty ofTechnologies and Business
82 Doi11i11s Jasaiti.<, laida lasilia11skie111!, l'aulius .\fi.fki11is, Jal'iW (J,;1111a11skai11!, Arlliras Ju/ma, Alek.<a11drK01~v1t.w,,·. Cie11ady J,11k)'atl0\; 1'011sllD1ti11 Korsl11u1011, Igor Sero,•
I. Int ruduct ion
All organic and inorganic objects in nature arc constantly being exposed to a natural electromagnetic radiation (EMR) produced hy the cosmic radiation [ I J (the biggest part of it b absorbed by the Earth atmosphere). emitted by the Earth's crust (due to nuclear reactions of radioactive elements in it), and coming from artificial sources in the highly urbanized and/or domestic industry environment. In fact. htunankind. animals and plants use EMR for a variety of their living activities. like those of telecommunication. control and regulation of their various behavioral and physiological fiinctions. However. though essential for living objects. exposure to excess low frequency (e.qual or higher than 50 Hz) 12. 3] and/or high frequency (below 2.5 GHz) EMR beyond the naturally evolved tolerance
limits can cause variow; lnunan illnesses [21 and/or harmfiil biological effects in humans· bodies f4. 51.
The artificial sources of ambient non-ionizing electromagnetic pollution (EP) arc po~~r supply lines (the higher the voltage. the higher radiation power). microwaves and radars. telecommunication equipment/devices and electrical appliances. radio and TV signals transmitters. even computers and their monitors. electric clocks. heated wateroeds. blankets etc. All together these sources create surrotmding us EP with frequency ofEMR ranging from 0 llz {static electromagnetic field) to 300 GHz (microwaves and millimeter waves). The effects of extremely low- frequency EMR are dependent on dose and duration of exposure and are cumulative. Therefore. todays humankind start asking questions how to assess the exposures to the htunan body from EP and to protect them from excess of EMR which can kad to cells and/or neurons damage or even damage to chromosomes altering the stnicturc of our DNR [6J. Protecting themselves from EP one can simply limit time period of direct contact with electronic appliances. but technically it is difficult to accomplish in nowadays living/working environment. be awart: of high po\\\:r radiation sources what is almost impossible in highJy urbanizecVindustrial areas, or use electromagnetic shields which potentially can increase immunity of the shielded device and decreases the power of undesirable radiation from it [7). Moreover. the electronic appliances emit po,\er from a munber of primary and secondary sources and their emissions become an uncorrelated broadband EP which can be totally supprcs:;cd onJy by mcall', of the signals phasor addition for all contributions resulting the radiation field.
Our work aims on experimental testing of a silicon crystalline (I 00) n:sonator-converter interaction with low power 0.9-2.5 GHz frequency continuous wave signals which frequency can be anributt:d to frequency range of ambient non-ionizing EP. The resonator-converter (device) is shaped in a form of circular diffraction grating with a variable period starting with 0.001 mm wide --slits" at the device·s centre and ending with 0.1 mm wide ··slits·· at the Si crystal edges and consists of front and rear antennas which are also circularly periodic diffraction gratings spaced by a I-mm-thick insulator (c = 3.5@10 GHz - 4@2.5 GHz) 18] located in between them. Our results of experimental investigation show that the resonator-converter suppresses power of incident EMR and. due to incident wave interference with a wave reflected from device's surface. it rctransforms the incident EMR in terms of frequency/wavelength and phase. Our experimental results of incident power suppression when our device is operating at room temperature in the regime of optical reilection and in the regime of optical transmission are presented and discussed.
2. S:1m11lcs and mt•asurc-m<·nt setup
Our tested resonator-converter (device) contains a 500-~im-thick rorn1d shaped Si (100) crystal plate glued onto surface of a front anterma (Fig I 011 the lejl) which physical shape defined as a fourth iteration circle fractal. The surface of Si crystal plate modi lied by mean. of plasma-chemical etching of 600-nm-deep and 600-nm-wide groves which produce a net of intercrossing rings (Fig. I on the right). Since etched groves on the silicon surface affects a periodic change in crystal"s thickness. the crystal behaves like a diffraction grating with a variable period produced by intercrossing rings of the fourth iteration circle fractal with a diameter of D1 = 7.5 mm. It means that for every further step of iteration the diameter of rings decreases proportionally to ratio Di= Di/2. DJ= Di/2. and D~ = DJ/2 in such a way producing a diffraction grating of a variable period (Fig. I 011 the right).
1he circles of groves on the surface of Si plate form a circularly periodic. topology of the Si resonator-converter, which is fixed on a top of front ante,ma (Fig. I. 011 the le.fi). Two identical ante1mas. the front and rear. in our device
Daini11s Jmatls, Vaida Vasilknukienl, Paullus MIJkinls, Jovita Damm,skaite, A rtiiras Jukna, AlebandrKIJpyllsov, Genady Lukyanov,
Konstantin Konhunov, Igor Serov 83
are used for receiving ultra-wide band frequency continuous-wave EMR with the frequency band ranging berneen 0. 9 and 2.5 GHz frequencies. which can be attributed to frequency range of ambient non-ionizing EP. The front and rear conducting (metallic) antennas are also manufactured as diffraction gratings produced by 0.1-nun-thick and 0. I- mm-wide intercrossing rings of metal fourth iteration fractal of the circle with a diameter of D, = 12.5 mm with a diameter of rings of every f 1.Dther step of iteration following ratio Di= Di/2, I))= f>l/2, and /J4 = /))/2 in such a way producing a diffraction grating (Fig. I on the right) of a variable period ranging from several millimeters down to tens of micrometers.
Fig. I. Schematics of the resonalCl'<e>nvertcrconsistitg ofa silicon resonator fixed on the top of the front anicnna (on the le/I) and a schematic sketch of plasma-chemically etched groves on its surface (on the right). Similar design of the fourth iteration circle fractal ( on the right) has been
applied f<I' the front and rear anicnnas oflhis device
The equivalent circuit of the resonator-converter is a capacitor comprising two conductive electrodes separated by an insulator. The interaction of the capacitor with incident EM wave results in charging up of the capacitor C and the device's antenna gain depends of antenna impedance given by (lr/C) 1fl where 4 stands for the parasitic inductance of both metallic antennas and of the Si resonator. Our measurement setup consists of continuous-wave signals generators (for this purpose we have been using different radiation sources of household appliances), emitting wide band signals in frequency band ranging between 0.9 GHz and 2.5 GHz and of resonator-converter. For signals detection we used the Signal Hound Spectrum analyzer receiving signals in the ~8 GHz frequency band. The signals were detected in the near-field (the resonator-converter located close to radiation source) and in the far-field (the resonator-converter located at distance L > l 0A) zones. Here A is the wavelength of the central frequency of the signal received by the signals detector.
~ f Locat" ~,~or ~ -~ IC cctaoa rcpme 1"111!1111S.11on ,qime I ., I D Rcsona1or- LI WIM:flcr
I
I I D C> LI ~ ::, 51 ,, D = LI .g i
I I D a: LI ,, D L'
2Aldiv
Fig. 2. A scheme explaining experimental setup for detection of signals when the resonak>r-convener is used in a regime of optical reflection (dashed lines) and in the regime of optical 1ransmis.sion (solid lines) and distances between radiation source, deteclOr, and the resonator-converter are given in ),,.as. Here A is the wavelength of the central frequency of the source radialCd wave
84 Daini11s J03atii,, Vaida Vasilia11skient, Paulius Mi.fkinis, Jovita Dama11s4aile, Arbiras Jultna, AleksandrKopyltsov, Genady Lukyanov, Konstc,itin Kbrshunov, Igor Serov
We measured power of 0.9-2.5 GHz electromagnetic waves (in dBm) transmitted through the resonator- converter (the regime of optical transmission (Fig. 2)) and that of reflected waves from our device (the regime of optical reflection) in the near-field and far-field zones of the resonator-converter and then the power values were converted into electric field amplitude, preswning that radiation sources are ideal electric dipoles with antenna gain of 2.15 dBi. For the optical reflection measurements, our detector of radiation we located in between radiation source and resonator-<:onverter in the near-field and far-field zones. lbe power of detected signal was analyzed by means of the FFf method sampling the detected signal over a period of time and measuring amplitudes of its frequency components. To calculate experimental mean values all measurements either under laboratory or field conditions were repeated for several times at fixed distances between the resonator-<:onverter and the detector given in A.-as. Four different radiation sources transmitting 0.5 W @ 0.9 GHz (No. I), 2 W@ 0.9 GHz (No. 2), 400 W @ 2.5 GHz (No. 3), and 800 W@ 2.5 GHz (No. 4) we used for our measurements. However, to minimize errors of our experimental measurements, in current report we will mainly focus on experimental results using the most powerful radiation source No. 4.
3. Measurement results and di<icussion
J.J. Experimental results
EMR interaction with the resonator-converter has been studied by means of detection of residual signal power versus distance between the detector and a radiation source in the case when the resonator-<:onverter operates in the regime of optical transmission. Figure 3 represents difference in electric field amplitudes &-E, versus distance of the detector from mentioned above four types of radiation sources. Here Eo stands for electric field amplitude of radiation source emitted signal and E1 is the residual electric field amplitude transmitted through the resonator- converter which was located in the near-field zone of radiation source.
0.03
E 0.02 > .:.I
~
',. 0.01 lq
0
~ SoW'c:e No. I ~Source No 2 ~ Source No. l Source No. 4
Al4iv
I 2 u 1.6 Distance deteccor-rudiation source, m
Fig. 3. A plot of difference of electric field amplitudes (&-E1) recorded by the signals detec10r versus distance detector-radiation SOll"ce. He~ E.o is electric field amplitude of the soun:e emiaed signal and E1 is electric field amplitude of the signal transmitted through the resona1or-coovener
which was flXed in the near-field :woe of the radiation soun:e. Numbers and colors of curves in the graph ~resent ~ll'S of experimenlal
measurements using four diff~nt sources of EMR. Inset represents a schematic of OIi" measurement setup
The electric field amplitude of the transmitted through the resonator-converter gigahertz frequency EMR decreased by ~27 % (i.e. electric field amplitude damping ratio -2.07 dB) level on average in whole range of our tested distances from the radiation source No. 4 (Fig. 3, curve l (grey)). Here and in all other experimental cases the resonator-<:onverter is attached directly to the frame of a radiation source, i.e. located in its near-field zone.
DoiniusJasoitis, l'aida l'osiliauskiene, Paulius MiJkinis, J(ll'fta Doma,ukaill, Artiiros Jukna. AlebandrKJJpyltsov, Genady Lukya,,(11', Konstantin Korsln111ov, Igor Se,ov as
Increasing distance from the radiation source, the parameter Eo-E1 gradually decreased and finally vanished at distance 1.2 m (curve 1 ), 0.85 m (curve 4) and at distances below 0.2 m ( curves 2 and 3). All curves in Figure 3 show strongly nonlinear behavior with increasing detector's distance from the radiation source and this feature let us to predict that the lever of power damping by the resonator-converter should depend on power of incident EMR. Since our tested radiation, sources are not zero-dimensional and in all cases amplitude and frequency range of radiation is a result of superposition of radiation of several primary and secondary sources, the electric field amplitude of 800 W radiation source does not decrease with increasing distance squared However, the variation of the parameter Eo-E1 show that the resonator-converter turns-on at high power and turns-off when the incident power appears to be below some threshold value Pmm. As it follows from our measurement results the minimum power required for turning-on the resonator-converter is of order of Prrun ~ 2 W (curve 2 (red)). Our preliminary results also show that Prmn is a function of frequency/wavelength of an incident electromagnetic wave and Pmm decreasing with increasing central frequency of an incident EMR. The electric field amplitude of 800 W power radiation source versus distance to the signals detector is shown in Fig 4 on the left (here the resonator-converter used in the regime of optical transmission) and in Figure 4 on the righl (the regime of optical reflection). In both experimental cases, the distance between the resonator-converter and signals detector was kept constant while the detector moves away from the radiation source .
0.06 --:?iJ.::..-nm ..... n.H~ S'-(S) --uo•---m
00?
0
61 S1 IOA Dillloacc de1ector-ndiat.i011 IOIS\.'C. in ,.-
00,I
0
...,_:!i.(:!)..,_3'~~~).(.S>-4-SM:S)
OjjijanllC dct"t0Mlldiatio11 soun:c. in io.-
Fig. 4. The electric field strengdi detected at various distances (in MU) &om an 800 W radiation source. Here figure (on the left) represents the case when our tested resonalDr<ooverter used in the regime of optical transmission and figure (on the right) when the resooa10r-conver11:r used in the regime or optical reflection. In both experinental cases the distance between the resonator-convener and deiector is fixed at 2A (curve No. 2),
3).(3), 4).(4), and S).(S) (see figure legends) while the detector moves away from the radiation source. Here A.• 12 cm is the wavelength of the
central frequency of the source radiated signals
The electric field amplitude of the transmitted through the resonator-converter EMR decreases considerably (Fig. 4 on the le.ft), however the parameter E:o-E, (it was calculated by subtracting curves Nos. 2-S from curve No. l in figure) does not depend on the resonator-converter distance from the detector. Slightly weaker damping of the electric field amplitude, but very similar behavior of the parameter Eo-E1 with increasing distance from the detector demonstrates the conductive (metallic) plate when we substituted it for the resonator converter. Having same dimensions as the resonator-converter the metallic plate in our measurement setup exhibited effect of electromagnetic screening of EMR electric field component demomtrating 7-8 percent lo\\er level of EMR damping if compare it with that one of the resonator-converter. When the resonator-converter operated in the regime of optical reflection (Fig. 4 on the righl), the maximal damping of electric field amplitude we observed for the distances between the resonator-converter and the detector lower or equal to 2A or when the resonator-converter attached to the frame of the detector. These results let us to conclude that most efficient damping of the EP could be expected when the resonator-converter operates in regime of the optical reflection and when incident EMR power is greater or equal to Pmin.
86 Dailius Jasaiti.s, Vaida Vasi/lmiskie,tt, Paullus Mi.fkinis, Jovita Damauskaitl, Artiiras Jukna, AldsandrKofl)'ltsov, Genady ll1lcyanov,
Konstantin KDrshunov, Igor Sen:>v
3.2. Results of numerical simulation
Our results of nwnerical simulation of the resonator-converter interaction with an incident monochromatic wave of 550 Tilz frequency showed that 5. 15 cm in diameter and 1 mm thick Si aystal modified surface by means of plasma-chemically etched 0.5-µm-wide and 0.5--µm-deep grooves undergoes non-Wliform distribution of free carriers. An incident EMR charges up Si crystal producing stronger electric field (Le. inducing larger concentration of free carriers) between the bottom of grooves located on a top of the silicon crystal and crystal •s bottom surfaces. We simulated both the redistribution free-carrier concentration along the Si crystal surface and a strength of the electric field in the near-field zone of this crystal. Our results showed that high concentration of free-carriers collected in the grooves of the Si crystal can initiate a spontaneous electric discharge causing the electric field strength redistribution and flow of electric current along the resonator-converter swface (9). It means that for the most efficient damping of EP of specific frequency range the doping of Si crystal (i.e. its electric conductivity) of the resonator-converter has to be optimized It is also demonstrated that efficiency of the EMR damping by the resonator-converter is a function of Si crystal and metallic antennas topology as well as characteristic frequency/wavelength of an incident EMR. Due to EMR interaction with both antennas and signals interaction with diffraction grating built on the surface of Si crys1ai the signal is back scattered in a form of coherent radiation with the maximal amplitude of the electric field located in the centre of the Si crystal (Fig. S).
I 0
Fig. S. The three-dimensiooal (3D) view of the electric field strength distribution in near-field zone of the I mm thick, round (S. 7S cm in diameter) shaped Si crystal with pluma-chemically etched O.S11m-wide and O.S-µm-deep grooves of rectangular cross-section oo its surface
Increasing power of an incident EMR, a noticeable field amplitude appears also at the cryslal edges in such a way producing a bell-like shape of field distribution in the near-field zone of the resonator-converter. 1be backscattered EMR interfere with incident EMR and the electric field distribution arOlmd the resonator-converter surface turns into an intricate three-dimensional (3D) structure [9]. A backscattered signal affects redistribution of electric field amplitude recorded by the signals detected, exhibiting sharp non-linear growth of electric field amplitude slarting with the device's antenna edges and spreading towards its center as well as towards the centre of the Si crystal. Our results of nwneric simulation show that due to backscattered wave interference with incident EMR. the frequency of resulting wave could increase for several times and for our tested geometry of Si crystal it increases by 3.2 times [9] in respect to 550 THz frequency of monochromatic EMR from the radiation solll'ce.
Conclusions
1be resonator-converter partly suppresses power ofincident on it electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The maximal efficiency of signals suppression can be achieved when the resonator-converter is at1ached directly on a frame or
Dai11i11s .Ja.mitis, Vaida Vasilia11skie111!, f>a11/i11s Miskinis, .Jm·ita Da111a11skai1e. Arniras .J11kna, Aleksa,vrl.opyltso,•, Ge,wc~,, l,11kya11m·. l.onsta11ti11 Kors/11uw,,, Igor Sero,, 87
locate.cl in a near-field zone of the radiation source, since in the near-field zone is easier to reach and exc1..~d the threshold power Pmin necessary for the device· s onset. The minimal power needed for the resonator-converter's excitation is Pmm ~ 2 W measured for the 2.5 GHz fn:quency radiation source. Our preliminary results also suggest that Pmm is a fwietion of antem1a and Si crystal surface topology. doping of the Si crystal. and frequency/wavelength ofan incident EMR. For the case of damping of electromagnetic pollution (EP) (i.e. far-field zone of a radiation source). the maximal damping of EMR power we achieved when the resonator-converter is directly attached to the frame of the signals detector or located at distance shorter or equal to 2). away from it. Therefore. as a potential protector against EP. the resonator-converter should be used in the near-field zone of signals detector (i.e. hw1ian body, shielding electronic device etc.) and/or radiation source (i.e. source of potential EP).
Acknnwlctl:,!('mcnts
Authors A J and D. J. acknowledges company '"Aireslita" UAB and head of the company Mr. Darius Visi.nskas for the Ain.,-s Defenders provided for our experimental me.asurements.
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