Testing of EMR Resonator-Converter Prototype: Phase II Report

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Prof. Artūras Jukna

Head of the Physics Department

2017

Customer UAB AIRESLITA Vilniaus str. 31, LT-01119 Vilnius, Lithuania Contact person Director Darius Višinskas

Tests conducted at

Laboratory of Photovoltaic Technology Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania Contact person Head of the Laboratory Dainius Jasaitis

TESTING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION RESONATOR-CONVERTER

PROTOTYPE

Phase II Report

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Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Research objectives ................................................................................................................................. 3

2. METHODS ................................................................................................................................................ 3

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 5

4. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................... 12

Further plans: ........................................................................................................................................... 13

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1. INTRODUCTION

The aim of the work is to test optical properties of the resonator-converter (R-C)

prototype operating in the regimes of optical transmission and optical reflection. In phase I,

optical transmission and reflectance properties of three types of R-Cs (Aires Black Crystal,

Aires Shield and Aires Defender) were tested. We found that in regime of optical reflection of

electromagnetic radiation (EMR) some part of an incident electromagnetic (EM) wave energy

backscattered (or reflected) by the R-C. The reflected signal we registered using 8 GHz

bandwidth receiver. As confirmed by the simulation results obtained by our project partners,

both an incident EM wave and the EM wave reflected from R-C surface interfere with each

other. The product of interference is an EM wave with a frequency and phase different from

the frequency and phase of both the incident and the reflected (backscattered) EM waves.

The regime of optical reflectance of R-C works most efficiently if the R-C positioned

right against the source of the EM waves (transmitter). Minimum registered power of 0.9 ÷ 2.5

GHz waves necessary for excitation of R-C, Emin, is 0.9 GHz ≥ 2 W. Increasing the frequency

vector of an incident EM wave or proportional to Poynting vector representing the directional

energy flux (the energy transfer per unit area per unit time) of an EM field.

In order to test the efficiency, the change in EMR power was measured with R-C

positioned at the distance of 2 – 10 λ (here λ is the central wavelength of frequency bandwidth

of an incident EM wave) from the receiver, which alternates between optical transmission and

optical reflectance regimes. With a fixed distance between the receiver and the R-C and

moving them both away from the source, it was found that in the optical transmission regime,

the outcome of R-C interaction with EM wave is very similar to that of a metal plate, screening

the falling EM wave electric component. However, the interaction is different in optical

reflectance regime. The EM wave reflected during such interaction interferes with an incident

wave and as a result, the amplitude of incident wave of fixed at 0.9 ÷ 2.5 GHz frequency

bandwidth decreased on average by 20 percent. Maximum R-C efficiency was observed in

optical reflectance regime if the distance between the R-C and the receiver is below 3 λ.

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Research objectives

 To test the electric properties of individual EMR R-Cs and the same properties

of a group of R-Cs of the same type (devices) versus frequency band of

incident EM waves in frequency bandwidth 0 ÷ 8 GHz. To measure and

estimate the backscattered power and the onset power of our devices and its

dependence on frequency bandwidth of incident EM waves and the device’s

size as well as damping of incident EM signal efficiency for different group of

R-Cs when the R-C located in near-field and far-field zones in respect to

source of radiation.

 To place an order with Aires Technologies for production of several Aires Black

Crystal, Aires Shield and Aires Defender R-Cs having similar dimensions and

antenna shape. By selecting R-Cs having minimum dispersion of parameters,

to build the arrays of R-Cs and to use these R-C arrays for our future

experiments.

2. METHODS

In this phase, the electric properties of R-C groups of the types specified in Phase I

Report were tested in 0 ÷ 8 GHz frequency range. A group is comprised of four R-C of the

same type placed at the same distance x from each other and attached to a rectangular panel

transparent for electromagnetic waves of 0 - 8 GHz frequency. Optical transmission of R-C

groups not exceeding 8 % was assessed by analyzing the results of experiments. Group (a) is

comprised of four Aires Black Crystal R-Cs attached to a rectangular panel transparent for EM

waves (Fig. 1a) and group (b) is comprised of four Aires Shield R-Cs attached to a rectangular

panel transparent for EM waves (Fig. 1b). For both groups the coordinates of geometric

Experiments done at VGTU Photovoltaic Technology Laboratory of Vilnius Gediminas

Technical University using EM wave sources of different power (the “sources”) and measuring

the power, amplitude and bandwidth of incident, reflected and passed through the R-C signals

using the Signal Hound Spectrum analyzer (receiver) in the 0 - 8 GHz frequency range. The

frequency band of the received signal was divided it into its frequency components by means

of the FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) software which is built-in the receiver.

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a) b)

Fig. 1 Group of resonators-converters: a) type of Aires Black Crystal; b) type of Aires Shield.

The experimental scheme for measurement of amplitude/power of transmitted and

reflected EM waves by different groups of R-Cs positioned at a distance ranging between 2 λ

and 10 λ from the signals receiver shown in Fig. 2a for the regime of optical transmission and

in Fig. 2b for the regime of optical reflection. In all related experiments, the receiver and the R-

C kept at constant distance in respect to each other and both of them moved away

simultaneously from the radiation source (see Fig. 2). We chose the 800 W power radiation

source emitting EM waves with the center frequency of 2.5 GHz for our measurements.

Fig. 2 Experimental schemes for the testing of radiation power of the radiation source. The resonator-

converter positioned at the distance of 2 λ - 10 λ in the regimes of: a) optical transmission and b) optical

reflection.

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0.5 ÷ 800 W power sources used for our experiments:

Source No. 1: power 0.5 W, central frequency of radiation 0.9 GHz;

Source No. 2: power 2 W, central frequency of radiation 0.9 GHz;

Source No. 3: power 400 W, central frequency of radiation 2.5 GHz;

Source No. 4: power 800 W, central frequency of radiation 2.5 GHz.

Analyzing the way how the R-C affects the radiation power and bandwidth of the EMR

emitted by a radiation source we measured the characteristic distances from the R-C at which

the reflected amplitude of an incident EM wave decreased for e times (characteristic decay).

The characteristic decay of reflected signal we calculated using experimentally measured

curves of a decay of relative amplitude/power of reflected signal from the R-C versus distance

from this R-C and the dependence of the relative power passed through R-C and reflected

from the surface of R-C versus the distance to the source of EMR. A comparison of

amplitude/power characteristic decays measured for different types of R-Cs let us to estimate

the efficiency of different groups of R-C at fixed incident power of EMR source exhibiting fixed

frequency bandwidth with fixed central frequency.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The density of EM energy flux we measured at fixed positions in the space having the

R-C (Aires Defender) mounted directly on the surface of the source (in the optical transmission

mode) (PR-C) and having no the R-C (P0) in between the radiation source and signals receiver.

The results shown in Fig. 3 represent semi-log plot of relative irradiance expressed as ΔP = P0

– PR-C at different distances (given in -as) between receiver and radiation source when both

together the receiver and R-Cs move from the radiation source.

The irradiance per unit solid angle in the source surrounding environment ( = 1) can be

assessed by the following relationship:

here N is the power of electromagnetic waves emitted by the source, [N] = W; G is the antenna

gain, r is the distance between the source and the receiver, [r] = m.

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Fig. 3 A semi-log plot of the relative irradiance of 4 radiation sources versus the distance from a source

to the receiver with the resonator-converter, positioned at a fixed distance from the receiver. Dotted lines

represent semi-log plot of calculations of ΔP = P0 – PR-C versus distance for each case of the radiation

source.

The emission power sources No. 1 and 2 emitting frequency band with a central

frequency 0.9 GHz is lower than the threshold value required for the excitation of the tested R-

C (Aires Defender), which has been determined as ~2 W (see Phase I project report). As the

receiver and R-C are moved away from the source at a distance of 1 λ, the signal amplitude

drops below the sensitivity threshold of the receiver (~1 10-8 W/m2). Thus, signals of the

sours the receiver receives only if it positioned at distances below 4 λ from the radiation

source. The irradiance amplitude decays with increasing distance from the radiation sources in

the case of both types of sources (see dashed lines in Fig. 3) look almost parallel to each

other.

The irradiance of the source with 2.5 GHz central frequency (i.e. sources No. 3 and 4)

is considerably higher than the threshold value required for the excitation of the R-C. In this

case both decays of ΔP with increasing distance from the source are much weaker (Fig. 4),

what indicates different nature of these dependences than that one of the sources No. 1 and 2.

Center radiation frequency of the emitted frequency band of sources No. 3 and 4 is of

2.5 times higher than that one emitted by sources No. 1 and 2 at several hundreds of times

lower radiation power. We believe that the radiation power versus the distance between

the R-C and the source (Fig. 3 and 4) dependences could be explained by means of onset of

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the R-C (i.e. it’s excitation by incident EM wave) for radiation EM waves with a central

frequency dependent on dimensions of the fractal antenna built inside the R-C. Thus, at

incident power exceeding ~2W the R-C turns into a source of EM waves with frequency band

and central frequency of radiation dependent on R-C antenna characteristics like those of the

internal structure of antenna fractals.

Fig. 4 The irradiance versus distance between source and receiver dependences in the case of 4

different radiation sources. The resonator-converter positioned at a fixed distance from receiver. Inset

represents the semi-log plots of the same dependencies.

Next, we performed tests for determining EM smog from environment surrounding our

measurement setup environment (this effect is inevitable). For this purpose we measured the

FFT spectrum for the cases of the radiation source positioned very close to the receiver and at

distance much more than 10  from it (the background spectrum). The results of tests

conducted using an 800 W power source with a central frequency of 2.5 GHz shown in Fig. 5

(the R-C in a regime of the optical transmission) and in Fig. 6 (with the R-C in the regime of

optical reflection). Here ΔP is an irradiance of the source minus EM smog of the surrounding

received by the receiver positioned at fixed distances (given in m) from the radiation source.

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Fig. 5 The irradiance produced by the radiation source versus distance of receiver f rom this source

dependence measured for the case of 800 W power radiation source emitting frequency band with central

frequency of 2.5 GHz. The resonator-converter is in the optical transmission mode positioned at a distance

of 2 - 5 λ from the receiver.

Fig. 6 The irradiance versus distance of the receiver to the radiation source (800 W, 2.5 GHz). The

resonator-converter ketp at a distance of 2 - 5 λ from the receiver and used in the regime of the optical

reflectance.

The efficiency of the EM smog’s damping by different groups of R-Cs has been tested

experimentally by means of measuring dependences of the irradiance versus distance from

the radiation source, but at the same time keeping unchanged distance between the R-C and

signals receiver. For this purpose we measured the electric field strength (in kV/m) versus

distance (given in ) from the source (800 W, 2.5 GHz) dependences in the case when the R-

C is in the optical transmission regime (ER-C) and in free-space (E0) (Fig. 7 and 8).

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Fig. 7 The electric field strength versus the distance from the 800 W, 2.5 GHz radiation source dependences

measured for two groups of R-Cs. The R-C groups operated in regime of the optical transmission.

Fig. 8 A semi-log plot of the same as in Fig. 7 electric field strength versus distance to the radiation source

(800 W, 2.5 GHz) dependences. The R-C groups operated in regime of the optical transmission.

Here the parameter ΔE = E0 – ER-C calculated at different distances from the radiation

source. Due to incident power interaction with R-C group, the amplitude of the wave’s electric

field decreased on average by 25 and 22 percents for the group (a) and (b), respectively. The

parameter ΔE was measured with R-C groups placed right against the radiation source. Since

the signal receiver gradually moved away from the radiation source, the change of electric field

strength decreased as a result of EM wave’s interaction with the R-C group, until the receiver

reached a distance at which the signal amplitude becomes lower than the sensitivity threshold

of our measurement set up.

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The electric field strength amplitude of an 800 W power source (2.5 GHz) versus the

distance to the sensor dependence is shown in Figs. 9 and 10. Fig. 9 demonstrates

measurements results when the R-C is in the optical transmission regime (here the R-C is

positioned at a distance ranging between 2λ and 5λ (i.e. 24 cm - 60 cm) from the receiver) and

Fig. 10 shows data when the R-C is in the regime of optical reflection.

Fig. 9 The electric field strength measured by the receiver versus the distance to the radiation source, where

the group of resonators-converters is in the regime of optical transmission at distance ranging between 2λ

and 5λ from the receiver.

Fig. 10 The electric field strength measured by the receiver versus the distance to the radiation source,

where the group of resonator-converters in the regime of optical reflection at a distance of 2λ – 5λ from the

receiver.

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Figs. 11 and 12 show the characteristic distances (i.e. signal’s characteristic damping),

at which, due to waves’ interaction with the R-C, the electric field amplitude of an incident EM

wave decreased by e times (e = 2.71828...). Characteristic damping of the signal we estimated

experimentally by means of measurement of source power versus the source-R-C distance

dependence, with the R-C positioned at a fixed distance from the sensor. Characteristic

damping calculated for the R-C Aires Defender in the regimes of optical transmission and

reflection shown in Fig. 11 and that for an R-C group (a) is shown in Fig. 12.

Fig. 11 The dependence of the characteristic damping versus distance (in λ) between the R-C and the

signals receiver.

Fig. 12 The dependence of the characteristic damping of signals versus distance (in λ) between the group

(a) of the R–Cs and the signals receiver.

The characteristic damping by the R-C (i.e. the distance of exponential decay of electric

field amplitude) increases with increasing distance from the radiation source when the R-C is

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in regimes of optical transmission and reflection. While our tested group of R-Cs affects the

difference by just a few percents when it positioned in regimes of optical transmission and

onto the signals’ receiver). Needs mentioning that interaction of EM wave with the R-C is

almost 10 percent stronger in the case if the R-C is in the regime of optical transmission (i.e.

located between the radiation source and the signals receiver measuring power of an incident

EM wave.

The minimum power of EM waves of 0.9 GHz frequency necessary for excitation of R-C

is Emin,0.9 GHz ~ 2 W. Considering a spherically shaped source of radiation with a surface area S

surface of the R-C (Aires Defender), Emin,S may be expressed as follows:

𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑆 = 𝑁𝑆𝑅−𝐶

4𝜋𝑅2

here SR-C is the surface area of the Aires Defender R-C. According to our preliminary

estimations, for the case of a 0.9 GHz central frequency EM wave the minimum incident power

exciting the R-C should be equal to or higher than 490 mW.

4. CONCLUSIONS

While the R-C is located in near-field zone in respect to the radiation source, an

incident EM wave with a power equal to or higher than the R-C excitation threshold creates

conditions favorable for the electric breakdown inside the R-C, and the R-C excited by the

incident EM wave turns into generator of ultrawide band burst of frequencies with a central

frequency dependent on the characteristics of EM wave incident onto the R-C, chemical

composition of the gaseous or solid environment, where the electric discharge occurs, as well

as on the internal fractal structure of the R-C itself.

The characteristic damping of the EM smog by the R-C (i.e. the distance of e times

decay of electric field amplitude) depends on whether the R-C is in regime of optical

transmission or reflection. However, in case of wave interaction with a group of R-C, the

characteristic damping is almost independent on the regimes of measurement. The interaction

of an individual R-C with EM wave is stronger while the R-C is in the regime of optical

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transmission, i.e. the R-C positioned between the radiation source and the signals receiver

registering the radiation emitted by the source.

According to our preliminary evaluation, minimum power of an incident EM wave with

center frequency of 0.9 GHz required for excitation of the R-C itself radiation is equal to or

higher than ~0.5 W. At highr excitation levels the R-C could emit EM waves of extremely broad

bandwidth with a center frequency depending on characteristics of an incident EM wave, on

electrical conductivity of antenna material and fineness of the internal fractal antenna structure

built inside the R-C.

Further plans:

Contractual plans for Phase III:

1) A developing of a theoretical two-dimensional (2D) R-C group’s model and conducting

simulation of most efficient group of R-C comprising individual R-Cs of different types

with optimum orientation of their surface normal in respect to direction of Poynting

vector of incident EM waves and located at optimum distance one from other in a single

group a) made up of two R-Cs; b) made up of 4 R-Cs and of 9 R-Cs in both cases

positioning them in a parallelepiped or circle. To verify experimentally the results of

simulation or theoretical calculations.

2) To develop a theoretical model of three-dimensional (3D) group of R-Cs and to conduct

simulation of the most efficient group of R-Cs comprising individual R-Cs of different

types with optimum orientation of surface normal in respect to the direction of Poynting

vector of incident radiation and located at optimum distance one from another in the

space: a) in the shape of a cube; b) in the shape of a sphere. To verify experimentally

the results of simulation or theoretical calculations.

3) To evaluate the change of safe zone dimensions around the high-power radiation

source, if the R-C is positioned for the regime of optical transmission and optical

reflection. To calculate variation of SARs for the individual R-C and for the groups of R-

Cs.

4) To simulate 2D and 3D (spatial) group of R-Cs prototype (this activity of the project we

are going to do together with the manufacturer of the prototype and project partners).